Carnahan-Starling equation of state

The Carnahan-Starling equation of state is an approximate (but quite good) equation of state for the fluid phase of the hard sphere model in three dimensions. It is given by (Ref Eqn. 10).

$Z={\frac {pV}{Nk_{B}T}}={\frac {1+\eta +\eta ^{2}-\eta ^{3}}{(1-\eta )^{3}}}.$

where:

• $p$ is the pressure
• $V$ is the volume
• $N$ is the number of particles
• $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant
• $T$ is the absolute temperature
• $\eta$ is the packing fraction:

$\eta ={\frac {\pi }{6}}{\frac {N\sigma ^{3}}{V}}$

• $\sigma$ is the hard sphere diameter.

Virial expansion

It is interesting to compare the virial coefficients of the Carnahan-Starling equation of state (Eq. 7 of ) with those calculated using a Padé approximant by Ree and Hoover :

$B_{n}$	Ree and Hoover	$B_{n}=n^{2}+n-2$
2	4	4
3	10	10
4	18.36	18
5	28.2	28
6	39.5	40

Thermodynamic expressions

From the Carnahan-Starling equation for the fluid phase the following thermodynamic expressions can be derived (Ref Eqs. 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8)

Pressure (compressibility):

${\frac {\beta p^{CS}}{\rho }}={\frac {1+\eta +\eta ^{2}-\eta ^{3}}{(1-\eta )^{3}}}$

Configurational chemical potential:

$\beta {\overline {\mu }}^{CS}={\frac {8\eta -9\eta ^{2}+3\eta ^{3}}{(1-\eta )^{3}}}$

Isothermal compressibility:

$\chi _{T}-1={\frac {1}{kT}}\left.{\frac {\partial P^{CS}}{\partial \rho }}\right\vert _{T}={\frac {8\eta -2\eta ^{2}}{(1-\eta )^{4}}}$

where $\eta$ is the packing fraction.

The 'Percus-Yevick' derivation

It is interesting to note (Ref Eq. 6) that one can arrive at the Carnahan-Starling equation of state by adding two thirds of the exact solution of the Percus Yevick integral equation for hard spheres via the compressibility route, to one third via the pressure route, i.e.

$Z={\frac {pV}{Nk_{B}T}}={\frac {2}{3}}\left[{\frac {(1+\eta +\eta ^{2})}{(1-\eta )^{3}}}\right]+{\frac {1}{3}}\left[{\frac {(1+2\eta +3\eta ^{2})}{(1-\eta )^{2}}}\right]={\frac {1+\eta +\eta ^{2}-\eta ^{3}}{(1-\eta )^{3}}}$

The reason for this seems to be a slight mystery (see discussion in Ref. ).