Supercooling and nucleation

Supercooling, undercooling and nucleation.

Volmer and Weber kinetic model

Volmer and Weber kinetic model results in the following nucleation rate:

$I^{VW}=N^{eq}(n^{*})k^{+}(n^{*})=k^{+}(n^{*})N_{A}\exp \left(-{\frac {W(n^{*})}{k_{B}T}}\right)$

Homogeneous nucleation temperature

The homogeneous nucleation temperature ($T_{H}$) is the temperature below which it is almost impossible to avoid spontaneous and rapid freezing.

Zeldovich factor

The Zeldovich factor ($Z$) modifies the Volmer and Weber expression, making it applicable to spherical clusters:

$Z={\sqrt {\frac {\vert \Delta \mu \vert }{6\pi k_{B}Tn^{*}}}}$

Zeldovich-Frenkel equation

Zeldovich-Frenkel master equation is given by

${\frac {\partial N(n,t)}{\partial t}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial n}}\left(k^{+}(n)N^{eq}(n){\frac {\partial }{\partial n}}\left({\frac {N(n,t)}{N^{eq}(n)}}\right)\right).$

See also Shizgal and Barrett .

See also

• Glass transition
• Spinodal decomposition

References

Related reading

• J. Frenkel "Statistical Theory of Condensation Phenomena", Journal of Chemical Physics 7 pp. 200-201 (1939)
• Lawrence S. Bartell and David T. Wu "Do supercooled liquids freeze by spinodal decomposition?", Journal of Chemical Physics 127 174507 (2007)
• Pieter Rein ten Wolde, Maria J. Ruiz-Montero and Daan Frenkel "Numerical calculation of the rate of crystal nucleation in a Lennard-Jones system at moderate undercooling", Journal of Chemical Physics 104 pp. 9932-9947 (1996)
• Richard C. Flagan "A thermodynamically consistent kinetic framework for binary nucleation", Journal of Chemical Physics 127 214503 (2007)
• Laura Filion, Michiel Hermes, Ran Ni and Marjolein Dijkstra "Crystal nucleation of hard spheres using molecular dynamics, umbrella sampling, and forward flux sampling: A comparison of simulation techniques", Journal of Chemical Physics 133 244115 (2010)
• Ran Ni, Simone Belli, René van Roij, and Marjolein Dijkstra "Glassy Dynamics, Spinodal Fluctuations, and the Kinetic Limit of Nucleation in Suspensions of Colloidal Hard Rods", Physical Review Letters 105 088302 (2010)
• M. D. Ediger and Peter Harrowell "Perspective: Supercooled liquids and glasses", Journal of Chemical Physics 137 080901 (2012)
• Edgar D. Zanotto and Daniel R. Cassar "The race within supercooled liquids—Relaxation versus crystallization", Journal of Chemical Physics 149 024503 (2018)

Books

• David T. Wu "Nucleation Theory", Solid State Physics 50 pp. 37-187 (1996)
• Chantal Valeriani "Numerical studies of nucleation pathways of ordered and disordered phases", PhD Thesis (2007)
• Dimo Kashchiev "Nucleation", Butterworth-Heinemann (2000) ISBN 978-0-7506-4682-6
• Andrea Cavagna "Supercooled liquids for pedestrians", Physics Reports 476 pp. 51-124 (2009)
• Ken F. Kelton and Alan Lindsay Greer "Nucleation in Condensed Matter: Applications in Materials and Biology", Pergamon Materials Series Volume 15 (2010) ISBN 978-0-08-042147-6
• R. Ni "Entropy-Driven Phase Transitions in Colloidal Systems", PhD Thesis, Utrecht University (2012) ISBN 978-90-393-5798-9