Second virial coefficient

The second virial coefficient is usually written as B or as Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B_2} . The second virial coefficient represents the initial departure from ideal-gas behavior. The second virial coefficient is given by

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B_{2}(T)= - \frac{1}{2} \int \left( \left\langle \exp\left(-\frac{\Phi_{12}({\mathbf r})}{k_BT}\right)\right\rangle -1 \right) 4 \pi r^2 dr }

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Phi_{12}({\mathbf r})} is the intermolecular pair potential, T is the temperature and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_B} is the Boltzmann constant. Notice that the expression within the parenthesis of the integral is the Mayer f-function.

For any hard convex body

The second virial coefficient for any hard convex body is given by the exact relation

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{B_2}{V}=1+3 \alpha}

where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \alpha = \frac{RS}{3V}}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V} is the volume, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle S} , the surface area, and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R} the mean radius of curvature.

Hard spheres

For hard spheres one has (McQuarrie, 1976, eq. 12-40)

$B_{2}(T)=-{\frac {1}{2}}\int _{0}^{\sigma }\left(\langle 0\rangle -1\right)4\pi r^{2}dr$

leading to

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B_{2}= \frac{2\pi\sigma^3}{3}}

Note that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle B_{2}} for the hard sphere is independent of temperature.

See also

• Virial equation of state
• Boyle temperature
• Joule-Thomson coefficient