Density-functional theory
This is a set of theories in statistical mechanics that profit from the fact that the Helmholtz energy function of a system can be cast as a functional of the density. That is, the density (in its usual sense of particles per volume), which is a function of the position in inhomogeneous systems, uniquely defines the Helmholtz energy. By minimizing this Helmholtz energy one arrives at the true Helmholtz energy of the system and the equilibrium density function. The situation parallels the better known electronic density functional theory, in which the energy of a quantum system is shown to be a functional of the electronic density (see the theorems by Hohenberg, Kohn, Sham, and Mermin).
Starting from this fact, approximations are usually made in order to approach the true functional of a given system. An important division is made between local and weighed theories. In a local density theory the in which the dependence is local, as exemplified by the (exact) Helmholtz energy of an ideal system:
- Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A_{id}=k_BT\int dr \rho(r) [\log \rho(r) -1 -U(r)],}
where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle U(r)} is an external potential. It is an easy exercise to show that Boltzmann's barometric law follows from minimization. An example of a weighed density theory would be the (also exact) excess Helmholtz energy for a system of 1-dimensional hard rods:
- Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A_{ex}=-k_BT\int dz \rho(z) \log [1-t(z)],}
where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle t(z)=\int_{z-\sigma}^z dy \rho(y)} , precisely an average of the density over the length of the hard rods, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sigma} . "Excess" means "over ideal", i.e., it is the total Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A=A_{id}+A_{ex}} that is to be minimized.
See also
- van der Waals' density gradient theory
- Ebner-Saam-Stroud
- Fundamental-measure theory
- Hohenberg-Kohn-Mermin theorems
- Quantum density-functional theory
- Ramakrishnan-Youssouff
- Weighted density approximation
- Dynamical density-functional theory
- Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional
- Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr functional (BLYP)
Interesting reading
- Robert Evans "Density Functionals in the Theory of Nonuniform Fluids", in "Fundamentals of Inhomogeneous Fluids" (ed. D. Henderson). Marcel Dekker.
- Robert G. Parr "Density Functional Theory", Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 34 pp. 631-656 (1983)
- C. Ebner, H. R. Krishnamurthy and Rahul Pandit "Density-functional theory for classical fluids and solids", Physical Review A 43 pp. 4355 - 4364 (1991)
- Jianzhoung Wu "Density-functional theory for chemical engineering: from capillarity to soft materials", AIChE Journal 52 pp. 1169 - 1193 (2005)