Canonical ensemble

Variables:

• Number of Particles, $N$

• Volume, $V$

• Temperature, $T$

Partition Function

The classical partition function for a one-component system in a three-dimensional space, Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle Q_{NVT}} , is given by:

Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle Q_{NVT}={\frac {V^{N}}{N!\Lambda ^{3N}}}\int d(R^{*})^{3N}\exp \left[-\beta U\left(V,(R^{*})^{3N}\right)\right]~~~~~~~~~~\left({\frac {V}{N\Lambda ^{3}}}\gg 1\right)}

where:

• $\Lambda$ is the de Broglie thermal wavelength (depends on the temperature)

• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta := \frac{1}{k_B T} } , with Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_B } being the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature.

• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle U } is the potential energy, which depends on the coordinates of the particles (and on the interaction model)

• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left( R^*\right)^{3N} } represent the 3N position coordinates of the particles (reduced with the system size): i.e. Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle \int d(R^{*})^{3N}=1}