Heaviside step distribution

The Heaviside step distribution is defined by (Abramowitz and Stegun Eq. 29.1.3, p. 1020):

$H(x)=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}0&x<0\\{\frac {1}{2}}&x=0\\1&x>0\end{array}}\right.$

Note that other definitions exist at $H(0)$, for example Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle H(0)=1} . In the famous Mathematica computer package $H(0)$ is unevaluated.

Applications

• Fourier analysis

Differentiating the Heaviside distribution

At first glance things are hopeless:

${\frac {{\rm {d}}H(x)}{{\rm {d}}x}}=0,~x\neq 0$

${\frac {{\rm {d}}H(x)}{{\rm {d}}x}}=\infty ,~x=0$

however, lets define a less brutal jump in the form of a linear slope such that

$H_{\epsilon }(x-a)={\frac {1}{\epsilon }}\left(R(x-(a-{\frac {\epsilon }{2}}))-R(x-(a+{\frac {\epsilon }{2}}))\right)$

in the limit $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$ this becomes the Heaviside function $H(x-a)$. However, lets differentiate first:

${\frac {\rm {d}}{{\rm {d}}x}}H_{\epsilon }(x-a)={\frac {1}{\epsilon }}\left(H(x-(a-{\frac {\epsilon }{2}}))-H(x-(a+{\frac {\epsilon }{2}}))\right)$

in the limit this is the Dirac delta distribution. Thus

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{{\rm d}}{{\rm d}x} [H(x)]= \delta(x)} .

References

1. Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun "Handbook of Mathematical Functions" Dover Publications ninth printing.