Helmholtz energy function

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz Definition of A (for arbeit):

$\left.A\right.=U-TS$

(TS) is a conjugate pair. The differential of this function is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left.dA\right.=dU-TdS-SdT}

From the Second law of thermodynamics one obtains

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left.dA\right.=TdS -pdV -TdS-SdT}

thus one arrives at

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left.dA\right.=-pdV-SdT}

leading finally to

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left.A\right.=-k_B T \ln Q_{NVT}}

For A(T,V) one has the following total differential

$dA=\left({\frac {\partial A}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}dT+\left({\frac {\partial A}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}dV$

Good for use in the Canonical ensemble.