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| [[Image:CS_EoS_plot.png|thumb|350px|right]]
| | The equation of Carnahan-Starling is an approximate equation of state for the fluid phase of the [[Hard Sphere]] model in three dimensions. |
| The '''Carnahan-Starling equation of state''' is an approximate (but quite good) [[Equations of state |equation of state]] for the fluid phase of the [[hard sphere model]] in three dimensions. It is given by (Ref <ref name="CH"> [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1672048 N. F. Carnahan and K. E. Starling,"Equation of State for Nonattracting Rigid Spheres" Journal of Chemical Physics '''51''' pp. 635-636 (1969)] </ref> Eqn. 10). | |
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| where: | | where: |
| *<math> Z </math> is the [[compressibility factor]]
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| *<math> p </math> is the [[pressure]]
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| *<math> V </math> is the volume
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| *<math> N </math> is the number of particles
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| *<math> k_B </math> is the [[Boltzmann constant]]
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| *<math> T </math> is the absolute [[temperature]]
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| *<math> \eta </math> is the [[packing fraction]]:
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| :<math> \eta = \frac{ \pi }{6} \frac{ N \sigma^3 }{V} </math>
| | * <math> p </math> is the pressure |
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| *<math> \sigma </math> is the [[hard sphere model | hard sphere]] diameter. | | *<math> V </math> is the volume |
| The Carnahan-Starling equation of state is not applicable for packing fractions greater than 0.55 <ref>[https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0605392 Hongqin Liu "A very accurate hard sphere equation of state over the entire stable and metstable region", arXiv:cond-mat/0605392 (2006)]</ref>.
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| ==Virial expansion==
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| It is interesting to compare the [[Virial equation of state | virial coefficients]] of the Carnahan-Starling equation of state (Eq. 7 of <ref name="CH"></ref>) with the [[Hard sphere: virial coefficients | hard sphere virial coefficients]] in three dimensions (exact up to <math>B_4</math>, and those of Clisby and McCoy <ref> [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-005-8080-0 Nathan Clisby and Barry M. McCoy "Ninth and Tenth Order Virial Coefficients for Hard Spheres in D Dimensions", Journal of Statistical Physics '''122''' pp. 15-57 (2006)] </ref>):
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| {| style="width:40%; height:100px" border="1"
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| | <math>n</math> ||Clisby and McCoy ||<math>B_n=n^2+n-2</math>
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| | 2 || 4 || 4
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| | 3 || 10 || 10
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| | 4 || 18.3647684 || 18
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| | 5 || 28.22451(26) || 28
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| | 6 || 39.81515(93) || 40
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| | 7 || 53.3444(37) || 54
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| | 8 || 68.538(18) || 70
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| | 9 || 85.813(85) || 88
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| | 10 || 105.78(39) || 108
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| |}
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| ==Thermodynamic expressions==
| | *<math> N </math> is the number of particles |
| From the Carnahan-Starling equation for the fluid phase
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| the following thermodynamic expressions can be derived
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| (Ref <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.469998 Lloyd L. Lee "An accurate integral equation theory for hard spheres: Role of the zero-separation theorems in the closure relation", Journal of Chemical Physics '''103''' pp. 9388-9396 (1995)]</ref> Eqs. 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8)
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| [[Pressure]] (compressibility): | | *<math> k_B </math> is the [[Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann | Boltzmann]] constant |
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| :<math>\frac{p^{CS}V}{N k_B T } = \frac{1+ \eta + \eta^2 - \eta^3}{(1-\eta)^3}</math>
| | *<math> T </math> is the absolute temperature |
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| | *<math> \eta </math> is the packing fraction: |
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| Configurational [[chemical potential]]:
| | :<math> \eta = \frac{ \pi }{6} \frac{ N \sigma^3 }{V} </math> |
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| :<math>\frac{ \overline{\mu }^{CS}}{k_B T} = \frac{8\eta -9 \eta^2 + 3\eta^3}{(1-\eta)^3}</math> | |
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| Isothermal [[compressibility]]:
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| :<math>\chi_T -1 = \frac{1}{k_BT} \left.\frac{\partial P^{CS}}{\partial \rho}\right\vert_{T} -1 = \frac{8\eta -2 \eta^2 }{(1-\eta)^4}</math>
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| where <math>\eta</math> is the [[packing fraction]].
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| Configurational [[Helmholtz energy function]]:
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| :<math> \frac{ A_{ex}^{CS}}{N k_B T} = \frac{4 \eta - 3 \eta^2 }{(1-\eta)^2}</math>
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| ==The 'Percus-Yevick' derivation==
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| It is interesting to note (Ref <ref> [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1675048 G. A. Mansoori, N. F. Carnahan, K. E. Starling, and T. W. Leland, Jr. "Equilibrium Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture of Hard Spheres", Journal of Chemical Physics '''54''' pp. 1523-1525 (1971)] </ref> Eq. 6) that one can arrive at the Carnahan-Starling equation of state by adding two thirds of the [[exact solution of the Percus Yevick integral equation for hard spheres]] via the compressibility route, to one third via the pressure route, i.e.
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| :<math>Z = \frac{ p V}{N k_B T} = \frac{2}{3} \left[ \frac{(1+\eta+\eta^2)}{(1-\eta)^3} \right] + \frac{1}{3} \left[ \frac{(1+2\eta+3\eta^2)}{(1-\eta)^2} \right] = \frac{ 1 + \eta + \eta^2 - \eta^3 }{(1-\eta)^3 }</math>
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| The reason for this seems to be a slight mystery (see discussion in Ref. <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100356a008 Yuhua Song, E. A. Mason, and Richard M. Stratt "Why does the Carnahan-Starling equation work so well?", Journal of Physical Chemistry '''93''' pp. 6916-6919 (1989)]</ref> ).
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| == Kolafa correction ==
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| Jiri Kolafa produced a slight correction to the C-S EOS which results in improved accuracy <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4870524 Miguel Robles, Mariano López de Haro and Andrés Santos "Note: Equation of state and the freezing point in the hard-sphere model", Journal of Chemical Physics '''140''' 136101 (2014)]</ref>:
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| : <math>
| | *<math> \sigma </math> is the [[Hard Sphere]] diameter |
| Z = \frac{ 1 + \eta + \eta^2 - \frac{2}{3}(1+\eta) \eta^3 }{(1-\eta)^3 }.
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| </math> | |
| == Liu correction ==
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| Hongqin Liu proposed a correction to the C-S EOS which improved accuracy by almost two order of magnitude <ref>[https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.14357 Hongqin Liu "Carnahan Starling type equations of state for stable hard disk and hard sphere fluids", arXiv:2010.14357]</ref>:
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| : <math>
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| Z = \frac{ 1 + \eta + \eta^2 - \frac{8}{13}\eta^3 - \eta^4 + \frac{1}{2}\eta^5 }{(1-\eta)^3 }.
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| </math>
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| == See also ==
| | A reference is required here (please check) |
| *[[Equations of state for hard spheres]]
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| *[[Kolafa-Labík-Malijevský equation of state]]
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| == References == | | == References == |
| <references/>
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| [[Category: Equations of state]]
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| [[category: hard sphere]]
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