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The '''temperature''' of a system in [[classical thermodynamics]] is intimately related to the [[zeroth law of thermodynamics]]; two systems having to have the same temperature if they are to be in thermal equilibrium (i.e. there is no net [[heat]] flow between them). | The '''temperature''' of a system in [[classical thermodynamics]] is intimately related to the [[zeroth law of thermodynamics]]; two systems having to have the same temperature if they are to be in thermal equilibrium (i.e. there is no net [[heat]] flow between them). | ||
However, it is most useful to have a temperature scale. | However, it is most useful to have a temperature scale. | ||
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:<math>\frac{1}{T(E,V,N)} = \left. \frac{\partial S}{\partial E}\right\vert_{V,N}</math> | :<math>\frac{1}{T(E,V,N)} = \left. \frac{\partial S}{\partial E}\right\vert_{V,N}</math> | ||
==Units== | |||
Temperature has the SI units of ''kelvin'' (K) (named in honour of [[William Thomson]]) The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the [[triple point]] of [[water]]. | |||
====External links==== | |||
== | *[http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/kelvin.html NIST reference page] | ||
Temperature has the SI units | |||
==== | |||
==Kinetic temperature== | ==Kinetic temperature== | ||
:<math>T = \frac{2}{3} \frac{1}{k_B} \overline {\left(\frac{1}{2}m_i v_i^2\right)}</math> | :<math>T = \frac{2}{3} \frac{1}{k_B} \overline {\left(\frac{1}{2}m_i v_i^2\right)}</math> | ||
where <math>k_B</math> is the [[Boltzmann constant] | where <math>k_B</math> is the [[Boltzmann constant]]. | ||
==Configurational temperature== | ==Configurational temperature== | ||
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.480995 András Baranyai "On the configurational temperature of simple fluids", Journal of Chemical Physics '''112''' pp. 3964-3966 (2000)] | |||
==Non-equilibrium temperature== | ==Non-equilibrium temperature== | ||
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2743032 Alexander V. Popov and Rigoberto Hernandez "Ontology of temperature in nonequilibrium systems", Journal of Chemical Physics '''126''' 244506 (2007)] | |||
==Inverse temperature== | ==Inverse temperature== | ||
It is frequently convenient to define a so-called | It is frequently convenient to define a so-called ''inverse'' temperature, <math>\beta</math>, such that | ||
:<math>\beta := \frac{1}{k_BT}</math> | :<math>\beta := \frac{1}{k_BT}</math> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
#William Thomson "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale, founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from the Results of Regnault's Experiments on the Pressure and Latent Heat of Steam", Philosophical Magazine '''October''' pp. (1848) | |||
''' | #[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/27/1/002 H. Preston-Thomas "The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)", Metrologia '''27''' pp. 3-10 (1990)] | ||
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/27/2/010 H. Preston-Thomas "ERRATUM: The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)", Metrologia '''27''' p. 107 (1990)] | |||
[[category: Classical thermodynamics]] | [[category: Classical thermodynamics]] | ||
[[category: statistical mechanics]] | [[category: statistical mechanics]] | ||
[[category: Non-equilibrium thermodynamics]] | [[category: Non-equilibrium thermodynamics]] | ||