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The '''internal energy''' of a system is given by the sum of the kinetic energy and the
The '''internal energy''' is given by  
potential energy. This excludes the external energy of the system, for example motion of the center of mass of the system, or the presence of an external field.
 
The internal energy in [[classical thermodynamics]] is given by
 
:<math>\left. U \right.=TS-pV</math>
 
and in [[statistical mechanics]] by  


:<math>U=-T^2 \left. \frac{\partial (A/T)}{\partial T} \right\vert_{N,V} = k_B  T^{2} \left. \frac{\partial \log Z(T)}{\partial T} \right\vert_{N,V}</math>
:<math>U=-T^2 \left. \frac{\partial (A/T)}{\partial T} \right\vert_{N,V} = k_B  T^{2} \left. \frac{\partial \log Z(T)}{\partial T} \right\vert_{N,V}</math>
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