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'''Thermostatistical ensembles''' are collectives whose average behaviour reflects the actual behaviour of a physical system. Ensembles are fundamental in the study of [[statistical mechanics]]. From one point of view they can be seen as mathematical labour-saving devices, given the intractability of following the trajectory of a macroscopic system in its journey through [[phase space]]. For example, celestial mechanics is hard enough, however, the [[Avogadro constant]] is on a par with the total number of stars in the universe. Clearly one needs a device that adequately represents the system of interest. Ensembles provide a link between the expectation value of physical observables (such as [[temperature]], [[internal energy]] etc.) and the individual motions of the plethora of constituent atoms and/or molecules.
'''Thermostatistical ensembles''' are collectives whose average behaviour reflects the actual behaviour of a physical system.
==History==
==History==
The concept of thermostatistical ensembles was introduced by [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] (Ref. 1-3). [[Albert Einstein]] also made contributions  (Refs. 4 and 5).
The concept of thermostatistical ensembles was introduced by [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] (Ref. 1). [[Albert Einstein]] also also, independently, introduced ensembles (Refs. 2 and 3).
==Representative ensembles==
==Representative ensembles==
*[[Canonical ensemble]] (<math>NVT</math>)
*[[Canonical ensemble]] (<math>NVT</math>)
*[[Gibbs ensemble]]
*[[Gibbs ensemble]]
*[[Grand canonical ensemble]] (<math>\mu VT</math>)
*[[Grand canonical ensemble]] (<math>\mu VT</math>)
*[[Isoenthalpic–isobaric ensemble]] (<math>NpH</math>)
*[[Isothermal-isobaric ensemble]] (<math>NpT</math>)
*[[Isothermal-isobaric ensemble]] (<math>NpT</math>)
*[[Microcanonical ensemble]] (<math>NVE</math>)
*[[Microcanonical ensemble]] (<math>NVE</math>)
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo]]
*[[Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo]]
*[[Monte Carlo in the grand-canonical ensemble]]
*[[Monte Carlo in the grand-canonical ensemble]]
*[[Monte Carlo in the microcanonical ensemble]]
*[[Monte Carlo in the microcanonical ensemble]]
*[[Multicanonical ensemble]]
==References==
==References==
# Josiah Willard Gibbs "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", Transactions of the Connecticut Academy '''III''' pp. 108-248  (1876) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k95192s (page images on gallica)]
# Josiah Willard Gibbs "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", Transactions of the Connecticut Academy '''III'''  pp. 343-524 (1878)  [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k95192s (page images on gallica)]
# Josiah Willard Gibbs "Elementary principles in statistical mechanics developed with especial reference to the rational foundation of thermodynamics" (1902) [http://www.archive.org/download/elementaryprinci00gibbrich/elementaryprinci00gibbrich.pdf (scanned page images in PDF format)]
# Josiah Willard Gibbs "Elementary principles in statistical mechanics developed with especial reference to the rational foundation of thermodynamics" (1902) [http://www.archive.org/download/elementaryprinci00gibbrich/elementaryprinci00gibbrich.pdf (scanned page images in PDF format)]
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.19023141007 A. Einstein "Kinetische Theorie des Wärmegleichgewichtes und des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik", Annalen der Physik '''9''' pp. 417-433 (1902)]
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.19023141007 A. Einstein "Kinetische Theorie des Wärmegleichgewichtes und des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik", Annalen der Physik '''9''' pp. 417-433 (1902)]
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