Stirling's approximation

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James Stirling (1692-1770, Scotland)

Because of Euler-MacLaurin formula

where B1 = −1/2, B2 = 1/6, B3 = 0, B4 = −1/30, B5 = 0, B6 = 1/42, B7 = 0, B8 = −1/30, ... are the Bernoulli numbers, and R is an error term which is normally small for suitable values of p.

Then, for large N,

after some further manipulation one arrives at

where

For example:

N N! (exact) N! (Stirling) Error (%)
3 6 5.83620959 2.81
4 24 23.5061751 2.10
5 120 118.019168 1.67
6 720 710.078185 1.40
7 5040 4980.39583 1.20
8 40320 39902.3955 1.05
9 362880 359536.873 0.93
10 3628800 3598695.62 0.84

As one usually deals with number of the order of the Avogadro constant () this formula is essentially exact. In computer simulations the number of atoms or molecules (N) is invariably greater than 100, where the percentage error is less than .

Applications in statistical mechanics