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'''Parallel hard cubes''' are a simple particle [[Models |model]] used in [[statistical mechanics]].  They were introduced by B. T. Geilikman <ref>B. T. Geilikman "", Proceedings of the Academy of Science of the USSR '''70''' pp. 25- (1950)</ref> in 1950.  The [[virial equation of state]] ([[pressure]] as a power series in the density) was studied by Zwanzig, Temperley, Hoover, and De Rocco <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1742621 Robert W. Zwanzig "Virial Coefficients of "Parallel Square" and "Parallel Cube" Gases", Journal of Chemical Physics  '''24''' pp. 855-856 (1956)]</ref><ref name="6and7">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1732443  William G. Hoover and Andrew G. De Rocco, "Sixth and Seventh Virial Coefficients for the Parallel Hard-Cube Model", Journal of Chemical Physics '''36''' pp. 3141- (1962)]</ref>.  The latter two authors computed seven-term series for the models <ref name="6and7"> </ref>.  Both the sixth and seventh terms in the hard-cube series are negative, a counter-intuitive result for repulsive interactions.  In 1998 E. A. Jagla <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.58.4701 E. A. Jagla "Melting of hard cubes", Physical Review E '''58''' pp. 4701-4705 (1998)]</ref> investigated the melting transition for both parallel and rotating cube models, finding a qualitative difference in the nature of the transition for the two models.  In that same year Martinez-Raton and Cuesta described cubes and mixtures of cubes (See [[Parallel hard cubes#Mixtures | Mixtures]] <ref name="6and7"> </ref>).
'''Parallel hard cubes''' are a simple particle [[Models |model]] used in [[statistical mechanics]].  They were introduced by B. T. Geilikman (Ref. 1) in 1950.  The [[virial equation of state]] ([[pressure]] as a power series in the density) was studied by Zwanzig, Temperley, Hoover, and De Rocco (Refs. 2 and 3).  The latter two authors computed seven-term series for the models (Ref. 3).  Both the sixth and seventh terms in the hard-cube series are negative, a counter-intuitive result for repulsive interactions.  In 1998 E. A. Jagla (Ref. 7) investigated the melting transition for both parallel and rotating cube models, finding a qualitative difference in the nature of the transition for the two models.  In that same year Martinez-Raton and Cuesta described cubes and mixtures of cubes (See [[Parallel hard cubes#Mixtures | Mixtures]] Ref. 3).
====Usefulness of the Model====
====Usefulness of the Model====
Parallel hard cubes have another use, beyond providing a simple model for which seven terms in the Mayers' virial series can be evaluated.  In 2009 the Hoovers pointed out <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.79.046705 Wm. G. Hoover and C. G. Hoover "Nonlinear stresses and temperatures in transient adiabatic and shear flows via nonequilibrium molecular dynamics: Three definitions of temperature", Physical Review E '''79''' 046705 (2009)]</ref> that these models can be used as "ideal gas thermometers" capable of measuring the tensor [[temperature]] components <math>\{ T_{xx},T_{yy},T_{zz}\}</math>.  Kinetic theory shows that particles colliding with a hard-cube [[Maxwell velocity distribution |Maxwell-Boltzmann]] [[ideal gas]] at temperature <math>T</math> will lose or gain energy according to whether the particle kinetic temperature exceeds <math>T</math> or not.  The independence of the temperature components for the hard parallel cubes (or squares in two dimensions) allows them to serve as gedanken-experiment thermometers for all three temperature components.
Parallel hard cubes have another use, beyond providing a simple model for which seven terms in the Mayers' virial series can be evaluated.  In 2009 the Hoovers pointed out (Ref. 8) that these models can be used as "ideal gas thermometers" capable of measuring the tensor [[temperature]] components <math>\{ T_{xx},T_{yy},T_{zz}\}</math>.  Kinetic theory shows that particles colliding with a hard-cube [[Maxwell velocity distribution |Maxwell-Boltzmann]] [[ideal gas]] at temperature <math>T</math> will lose or gain energy according to whether the particle kinetic temperature exceeds <math>T</math> or not.  The independence of the temperature components for the hard parallel cubes (or squares in two dimensions) allows them to serve as gedanken-experiment thermometers for all three temperature components.


==Phase behavior==
==Phase behavior==
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==Mixtures==
==Mixtures==
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.3742  José A. Cuesta "Fluid Mixtures of Parallel Hard Cubes", Physical Review Letters '''76''' pp. 3742-3745 (1996)]</ref>
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.3742  José A. Cuesta "Fluid Mixtures of Parallel Hard Cubes", Physical Review Letters '''76''' pp. 3742-3745 (1996)]
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.474298 José A. Cuesta and Yuri Martínez-Ratón "Fundamental measure theory for mixtures of parallel hard cubes. I. General formalism", Journal of Chemical Physics '''107''' pp. 6379- (1997)]</ref>
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.474298 José A. Cuesta and Yuri Martínez-Ratón "Fundamental measure theory for mixtures of parallel hard cubes. I. General formalism", Journal of Chemical Physics '''107''' pp. 6379- (1997)]
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479273 Yuri Martínez-Ratón and José A. Cuesta "Fundamental measure theory for mixtures of parallel hard cubes. II. Phase behavior of the one-component fluid and of the binary mixture", Journal of Chemical Physics '''111''' pp. 317- (1999)]</ref>  
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479273 Yuri Martínez-Ratón and José A. Cuesta "Fundamental measure theory for mixtures of parallel hard cubes. II. Phase behavior of the one-component fluid and of the binary mixture", Journal of Chemical Physics '''111''' pp. 317- (1999)]   
==References==
==References==
<references/>
#B. T. Geilikman "", Proceedings of the Academy of Science of the USSR '''70''' pp. 25- (1950)
;Related reading
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1742621 Robert W. Zwanzig "Virial Coefficients of "Parallel Square" and "Parallel Cube" Gases", Journal of Chemical Physics  '''24''' pp. 855-856 (1956)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1725285  William G. Hoover, "High-Density Equation of State of Hard Parallel Squares and Cubes", Journal of Chemical Physics '''40''' pp. 937- (1964)]
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1732443  William G. Hoover and Andrew G. De Rocco, "Sixth and Seventh Virial Coefficients for the Parallel Hard-Cube Model", Journal of Chemical Physics '''36''' pp. 3141- (1962)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.450974 T. R. Kirkpatrick "Ordering in the parallel hard hypercube gas", Journal of Chemical Physics  '''85''' pp. 3515-3519 (1986)]
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1725285  William G. Hoover, "High-Density Equation of State of Hard Parallel Squares and Cubes", Journal of Chemical Physics '''40''' pp. 937- (1964)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3681 José A. Cuesta and Yuri Martínez-Ratón "Dimensional Crossover of the Fundamental-Measure Functional for Parallel Hard Cubes", Physical Review Letters '''78''' pp. 3681-3684 (1997)]
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.450974 T. R. Kirkpatrick "Ordering in the parallel hard hypercube gas", Journal of Chemical Physics  '''85''' pp. 3515-3519 (1986)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4754836  S. Belli, M. Dijkstra, and R. van Roij "Free minimization of the fundamental measure theory functional: Freezing of parallel hard squares and cubes", Journal of Chemical Physics '''137''' 124506 (2012)]
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3681 José A. Cuesta and Yuri Martínez-Ratón "Dimensional Crossover of the Fundamental-Measure Functional for Parallel Hard Cubes", Physical Review Letters '''78''' pp. 3681-3684 (1997)]
 
#[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.58.4701 E. A. Jagla "Melting of hard cubes", Physical Review E '''58''' pp. 4701-4705 (1998)]
 
#[http://arxiv.org/abs/0811.1807 Wm. G. Hoover, C. G. Hoover "Nonlinear Stresses and Temperatures in Transient Adiabatic and Shear Flows via Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics -- Three Definitions of Temperature", arXiv:0811.1807v3 (2009)]
[[category: models]]
[[category: models]]
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