Mean field models

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A mean field model, or a mean field solution of a model, is an approximation to the actual solution of a model in statistical physics. The model is made exactly solvable by treating the effect of all other particles on a given one as a mean field (hence its name). It appear in different forms and different contexts, but all mean field models have this feature in common.

Mean field solution of the Ising model

A well-known mean field solution of the Ising model, known as the Bragg-Williams approximation goes as follows. From the original Hamiltonian,

suppose we may approximate

where is the number of neighbors of site (e.g. 4 in a 2-D square lattice), and is the (unknown) magnetization:

Therefore, the Hamiltonian turns to

as in the regular Langevin theory of magnetism: the spins are independent, but coupled to a constant field of strength

The magnetization of the Langevin theory is

Therefore:

This is a self-consistent expression for . There exists a critical temperature, defined by

At temperatures higher than this value the only solution is . Below it, however, this solution becomes unstable (it corresponds to a maximum in energy), whereas two others are stable. Slightly below ,