Ideal gas partition function

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The canonical ensemble partition function, Q, for a system of N identical particles each of mass m is given by

When the particles are distinguishable then the factor N! disappears. is the Hamiltonian (Sir William Rowan Hamilton 1805-1865 Ireland) corresponding to the total energy of the system. H is a function of the 3N positions and 3N momenta of the particles in the system. The Hamiltonian can be written as the sum of the kinetic and the potential energies of the system as follows

Thus we have

This separation is only possible if is independent of velocity (as is generally the case). The momentum integral can be solved analytically:

Thus we have


The integral over positions is known as the configuration integral,

In an ideal gas there are no interactions between particles so Thus for every gas particle. The integral of 1 over the coordinates of each atom is equal to the volume so for N particles the configuration integral is given by where V is the volume. Thus we have

If we define the de Broglie thermal wavelength as where

one arrives at

where

is the single particle translational partition function.

Thus one can now write the partition function for a real system can be built up from the contribution of the ideal system (the momenta) and a contribution due to particle interactions, i.e.