Editing 1-dimensional hard rods

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'''1-dimensional hard rods''' (sometimes known as a ''Tonks gas'' <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.50.955 Lewi Tonks "The Complete Equation of State of One, Two and Three-Dimensional Gases of Hard Elastic Spheres", Physical Review '''50''' pp. 955- (1936)]</ref>) consist of non-overlapping line segments of length <math>\sigma</math> who all occupy the same line which has  length <math>L</math>. One could also think of this model as being a string of  [[hard sphere model | hard spheres]] confined to 1 dimension (not to be confused with [[3-dimensional hard rods]]). The model is given by the [[intermolecular pair potential]]:
'''1-dimensional hard rods''' (sometimes known as a ''Tonks Gas'' <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.50.955 Lewi Tonks "The Complete Equation of State of One, Two and Three-Dimensional Gases of Hard Elastic Spheres", Physical Review '''50''' pp. 955- (1936)]</ref>) consist of non-overlapping line segments of length <math>\sigma</math> who all occupy the same line which has  length <math>L</math>. One could also think of this model as being a string of  [[hard sphere model | hard spheres]] confined to 1 dimension (not to be confused with [[3-dimensional hard rods]]). The model is given by the [[intermolecular pair potential]]:


: <math> \Phi_{12}(x_{i},x_{j})=\left\{ \begin{array}{lll}
: <math> \Phi_{12} (x_i,x_j) = \left\{ \begin{array}{lll} 0 & ; & |x_i-x_j| > \sigma \\
0 & ; & |x_{i}-x_{j}|>\sigma\\ \infty & ; & |x_{i}-x_{j}|<\sigma \end{array}\right. </math>
\infty &; & |x_i-x_j| < \sigma \end{array} \right. </math>


where <math> \left. x_k \right. </math> is the position of the center of the k-th rod, along with an external potential. Thus, the [[Boltzmann factor]] is
where <math> \left. x_k \right. </math> is the position of the center of the k-th rod, along with an external potential; the whole length of the rod must be inside the range:


: <math>e_{ij}:=e^{-\beta\Phi_{12}(x_{i},x_{j})}=\Theta(|x_{i}-x_{j}|-\sigma)=\left\{ \begin{array}{lll} 1 & ; & |x_{i}-x_{j}|>\sigma\\ 0 & ; & |x_{i}-x_{j}|<\sigma \end{array}\right. </math>
: <math> V_{0}(x_i) = \left\{ \begin{array}{lll} 0 & ; & \sigma/2 < x < L - \sigma/2 \\
 
The whole length of the rod must be inside the range:
 
: <math> V_{0}(x_i) = \left\{ \begin{array}{lll} 0 & ; & \sigma/2 < x_i < L - \sigma/2 \\
\infty &; & {\mathrm {elsewhere}}. \end{array} \right. </math>
\infty &; & {\mathrm {elsewhere}}. \end{array} \right. </math>
== Canonical Ensemble: Configuration Integral ==
== Canonical Ensemble: Configuration Integral ==
The [[statistical mechanics]] of this system can be solved exactly.
The [[statistical mechanics]] of this system can be solved exactly.
Consider a system of length <math> \left. L \right. </math> defined in the range <math> \left[ 0, L \right] </math>. The aim is to compute the [[partition function]] of a system of <math> \left. N \right. </math> hard rods of length <math> \left. \sigma \right. </math>.
Consider a system of length <math> \left. L \right. </math> defined in the range <math> \left[ 0, L \right] </math>. The aim is to compute the [[partition function]] of a system of <math> \left. N \right. </math> hard rods of length <math> \left. \sigma \right. </math>.
Consider that the particles are ordered according to their label: <math> x_0 < x_1 < x_2 < \cdots < x_{N-1} </math>;  
Consider that the particles are ordered according to their label: <math> x_0 < x_1 < x_2 < \cdots < x_{N-1} </math>;  
taking into account the pair potential we can write the canonical partition function
taking into account the pair potential we can write the canonical partition function  
([http://clesm.mae.ufl.edu/wiki.pub/index.php/Configuration_integral_%28statistical_mechanics%29 configuration integral])
of a system of <math> N </math> particles as:
of a system of <math> N </math> particles as:


:<math>\begin{align}
: <math>
\frac{Z\left(N,L\right)}{N!} & =\int_{\sigma/2}^{L-\sigma/2}dx_{0}\int_{\sigma/2}^{L-\sigma/2}dx_{1}\cdots\int_{\sigma/2}^{L-\sigma/2}dx_{N-1}\prod_{i=1}^{N-1}e_{i-1,i}\\
\frac{ Z \left( N,L \right)}{N!} = \int_{\sigma/2}^{L+\sigma/2-N\sigma} d x_0
& =\int_{\sigma/2}^{L+\sigma/2-N\sigma}dx_{0}\int_{x_{0}+\sigma}^{L+\sigma/2-N\sigma+\sigma}dx_{1}\cdots\int_{x_{i-1}+\sigma}^{L+\sigma/2-N\sigma+i\sigma}dx_{i}\cdots\int_{x_{N-2}+\sigma}^{L+\sigma/2-N\sigma+(N-1)\sigma}dx_{N-1}.
\int_{x_0+\sigma}^{L+\sigma/2-N\sigma+\sigma} d x_1 \cdots  
\end{align}</math>
\int_{x_{i-1}+\sigma}^{L+\sigma/2-N\sigma+i \sigma} d x_i \cdots  
\int_{x_{N-2}+\sigma}^{L+\sigma/2-N\sigma+(N-1)\sigma} d x_{N-1}.
</math>


Variable change: <math> \left. \omega_k = x_k - \left(k+\frac{1}{2}\right) \sigma \right. </math> ; we get:
Variable change: <math> \left. \omega_k = x_k - \left(k+\frac{1}{2}\right) \sigma \right. </math> ; we get:


:<math>\begin{align}
:<math>
\frac{Z\left(N,L\right)}{N!} & =\int_{0}^{L-N\sigma}d\omega_{0}\int_{\omega_{0}}^{L-N\sigma}d\omega_{1}\cdots\int_{\omega_{i-1}}^{L-N\sigma}d\omega_{i}\cdots\int_{\omega_{N-2}}^{L-N\sigma}d\omega_{N-1}\\
\frac{ Z \left( N,L \right)}{N!} = \int_{0}^{L-N\sigma} d \omega_0
& =\int_{0}^{L-N\sigma}d\omega_{0}\cdots\int_{\omega_{i-1}}^{L-N\sigma}d\omega_{i}\frac{(L-N\sigma-\omega_{i})^{N-1-i}}{(N-1-i)!}=\int_{0}^{L-N\sigma}d\omega_{0}\frac{(L-N\sigma-\omega_{0})^{N-1}}{(N-1)!}
\int_{\omega_0}^{L-N\sigma} d \omega_1 \cdots  
\end{align}</math>
\int_{\omega_{i-1}}^{L-N\sigma} d \omega_i \cdots  
\int_{\omega_{N-2}}^{L-N\sigma} d \omega_{N-1}.
</math>


Therefore:
Therefore:
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== Thermodynamics ==
== Thermodynamics ==
[[Helmholtz energy function]]
[[Helmholtz energy function]]
: <math> \left. A(N,L,T) = - k_B T \log Q \right. </math>
: <math> \left. A(N,L,T) = - k_B T \log Q \right. </math>
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p = - \left( \frac{ \partial A}{\partial L} \right)_{N,T} =  \frac{ N k_B T}{L - N \sigma};
p = - \left( \frac{ \partial A}{\partial L} \right)_{N,T} =  \frac{ N k_B T}{L - N \sigma};
</math>
</math>
The [[compressibility factor]] is
:<math>
Z = \frac{p L}{N k_B T} = \frac{1}{ 1 - \eta} = \underbrace{1}_{Z_{\mathrm{id}}}+\underbrace{\frac{\eta}{1-\eta}}_{Z_{\mathrm{ex}}},
</math>
where <math> \eta \equiv \frac{ N \sigma}{L} </math>; is the fraction of volume (i.e. length) occupied by the rods. 'id' labels the ideal and 'ex' the excess part.
It was  shown by van Hove <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(50)90072-3  L. van Hove, "Sur L'intégrale de Configuration Pour Les Systèmes De Particules À Une Dimension", Physica, '''16''' pp. 137-143 (1950)]</ref> that there is no [[Solid-liquid phase transitions |fluid-solid phase transition]] for this system (hence the designation ''Tonks gas'').
== Chemical potential ==
The [[chemical potential]] is given by


:<math>
:<math>
\mu=\left(\frac{\partial A}{\partial N}\right)_{L,T}=k_{B}T\left(\ln\frac{\rho\Lambda}{1-\rho\sigma}+\frac{\rho\sigma}{1-\rho\sigma}\right)=k_{B}T\left(\ln\frac{\rho\Lambda}{1-\eta}+\frac{\eta}{1-\eta}\right)
Z = \frac{p L}{N k_B T} = \frac{1}{ 1 - \eta},
</math>
</math>


with ideal and excess part separated:
where <math> \eta \equiv \frac{ N \sigma}{L} </math>; is the fraction of volume (i.e. length) occupied by the rods.
 
:<math>
\beta\mu=\underbrace{\ln(\rho\Lambda)}_{\beta\mu_{\mathrm{id}}}+\underbrace{\ln\frac{1}{1-\eta}+\frac{\eta}{1-\eta}}_{\beta\mu_{\mathrm{ex}}}
</math>


== Isobaric ensemble: an alternative derivation ==
== Isobaric ensemble: an alternative derivation ==
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'''Related reading'''
'''Related reading'''
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(49)90059-2  L. van Hove "Quelques Propriétés Générales De L'intégrale De Configuration D'un Système De Particules Avec Interaction", Physica, '''15''' pp. 951-961 (1949)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(49)90059-2  L. van Hove "Quelques Propriétés Générales De L'intégrale De Configuration D'un Système De Particules Avec Interaction", Physica, '''15''' pp. 951-961 (1949)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(50)90072-3  L. van Hove, "Sur L'intégrale de Configuration Pour Les Systèmes De Particules À Une Dimension", Physica, '''16''' pp. 137-143 (1950)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1699116 Zevi W. Salsburg, Robert W. Zwanzig, and John G. Kirkwood "Molecular Distribution Functions in a One-Dimensional Fluid", Journal of Chemical Physics '''21''' pp. 1098-1107 (1953)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1699116 Zevi W. Salsburg, Robert W. Zwanzig, and John G. Kirkwood "Molecular Distribution Functions in a One-Dimensional Fluid", Journal of Chemical Physics '''21''' pp. 1098-1107 (1953)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1699263 Robert L. Sells, C. W. Harris, and Eugene Guth "The Pair Distribution Function for a One-Dimensional Gas", Journal of Chemical Physics '''21''' pp. 1422-1423 (1953)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1699263 Robert L. Sells, C. W. Harris, and Eugene Guth "The Pair Distribution Function for a One-Dimensional Gas", Journal of Chemical Physics '''21''' pp. 1422-1423 (1953)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1706788 Donald Koppel "Partition Function for a Generalized Tonks' Gas", Physics of Fluids '''6''' 609 (1963)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.171.224 J. L. Lebowitz, J. K. Percus and J. Sykes "Time Evolution of the Total Distribution Function of a One-Dimensional System of Hard Rods", Physical Review '''171''' pp. 224-235 (1968)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.475640  Gerardo Soto-Campos, David S. Corti, and Howard Reiss "A small system grand ensemble method for the study of hard-particle systems", Journal of Chemical Physics '''108''' pp. 2563-2570 (1998)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e10030248  Paolo V. Giaquinta "Entropy and Ordering of Hard Rods in One Dimension", Entropy '''10''' pp. 248-260 (2008)]
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e10030248  Paolo V. Giaquinta "Entropy and Ordering of Hard Rods in One Dimension", Entropy '''10''' pp. 248-260 (2008)]


[[Category:Models]]
[[Category:Models]]
[[Category:Statistical mechanics]]
[[Category:Statistical mechanics]]
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